New Springfield

Our ancestral hall

2007-04-02T15:23:00.000-07:00

Here's my father, David Latham Stevens, giving a tour of The Elijah Iles House, the oldest known residence in Springfield and place known to have been visited many times by Abraham Lincoln. My dad actually lived in the house for a few months in or around 1937. His grandparents, Mr. and Mrs. Latham T. Souther, saved the house from demolition in 1910 by moving it to another location and making it their home.

I will be giving tours of the house on April 7th and 14th, from 1:00 to 4:00 p.m. both days. I'd be glad to show it to you sometime.

Elijah Iles House opens for the season

2007-03-30T15:34:00.000-07:00

The Elijah Iles House, Springfield's oldest known residence, opened for the season on Elijah Iles' birthday, March 28.

The house is open for tours on Wednesdays and Saturdays, 10:00 am to 4:00 pm through October.

Your humble blogger has volunteered to serve as a docent at the house twice a month. I'll keep this blog updated with my schedule, in case you would like to visit me there and get my tour of the house, which is heavy on family history.

Go see the official Elijah Iles House blog for good photos of the house and a closer look at Major Iles' birthday events.

The Ford Garage

2006-07-04T09:10:00.000-07:00

This is a "before" shot of the Ford Garage in Springfield taken in the Spring of 2005. The building now has been restored to the tune of $5 million according to a story by Lisa Kernek in the State-Journal Register on June 28, 2006.

Its owner, Illinois National Bank, could have simply renovated the structure for far less money. Instead, they restored the building to meet the standards of the National Register of Historic Places.

Vachel Lindsay knew and loved this building. It was built right around the corner from his house, on the northwest corner of 4th and Jackson Streets.

In annotations he left in a copy of Walled Towns by R.A. Cram, Lindsay listed the Ford Garage in Springfield along with Bush Terminal Building, the Times Building, the Golden Door of the Transportation Building, by Louis Sullivan, and the Dana-Thomas House, by Frank Lloyd Wright, as examples of an architectural spirit in the tradition of John Ruskin, an architecture born of the soil like the Gothic in Europe.

"All these are modern forms, born in this soil, yet capable of development in the spirit of Cram's book, or Ruskin's wonderful description of the nature of Gothic," wrote Lindsay around 1920.

Centerpiece for model Springfield

2006-06-27T13:33:00.000-07:00

Here's the centerpiece for my model of historic Springfield, the Old State Capitol. This is the building where Abraham Lincoln delivered his ground-breaking "House Divided" speech.

Hopefully, this will be the most intricately detailed model building I'll have to build because it really was a bear. I decided this should be the most detailed model because it is the center around which the rest of my model of historic Springfield will be built.

I'm proudest of the dome and the circle of doric columns below it. The problem-solving involved in creating these forms is what makes this all so interesting to me. I can't wait to see the rest of the town square and the other surrounding blocks as they develop.

I guess I still need steps for the front and back. I'll probably add them with the rest of the landscaping.

Model Springfield is coming

2006-06-20T18:32:00.000-07:00

I’m a giant step closer to realizing my long held dream of experiencing a 3-D computer model of historic Springfield. Google has a product called “Sketchup” that makes 3-D modeling easy. They have a beta version available for free downloading. I was able to render a simple log cabin in a few minutes and a rather elaborate model of the Elijah Iles House (shown here) in a few hours after downloading the beta. The pay version is only $20.00 per year (I think) and the pro version is over $400.00. I’m going to see how much I can get done with the beta for now.

What I’d like to see first is a representation of downtown Springfield circa 1856 or thereabouts. We have reams of data about the time & place, including bird’s eye views that are very reliable. We have a lot of surviving structures to model from as well. Eventually, it would be nice to model the appearance of the town longitudinally beginning in 1818, but that would be a gigantic project.

The main challenges at present are getting the terrain as accurate as possible (the downtown area was intersected by deep creek beds before sewers and pavement were introduced), and keeping the models “light,” that is, keeping the models simple enough to keep their data size down without compromising too much realism. To the latter end, I will try to use textures from images instead of modeling minute details into the structures.

There is still much for me to learn. I’ll have to solve problems like terraforming, creating dirt (mud) streets, fashioning domes, etc., but it all seems “doable” now.

I encourage others to take this up and join me in creating models of historic Springfield. This could very well lead to a wonderful tool for students and historians and anybody interested in seeing what Springfield looked like to Lincoln.

A new museum for Springfield

2006-06-01T18:44:00.000-07:00

I just now this very moment returned home from the christening of the premier exhibit of The Farrell & Ann Gay Museum of Springfield History, "Time to Remember", in the basement of The Elijah Iles House. "Time To Remember" features the wristwatches & other memorabilia of the Illinois Watch Company from Mr. Gay's collection.

It was the christening of a museum in a city that seems to be becoming a museum capitol. (I wonder how Springfield's museum floor area per capita compares to Chicago or New York or Paris?) This latest of Springfield's many museums is the first ever dedicated to the history of Springfield herself. It is a rich history indeed.

A facet of that history is the Illinois Watch Company which set the standard for timepieces during the late 19th Century and early 20th. Mr. Gay's collection of fine Illinois watches sets a high bar for future exhibits in this new museum named for him and his wife.

He gave a touching speech at what must have been for him a peak moment in his life. Mr. Gay mentioned that it was his "less collectible material," the company letters, letters of employees to other employees, the photos and especially the faces in the photos that he found so fascinating.

The exhibit is about so much more than watches. The Illinois Watch Company was a model employer in the industrial era. As one of the displays relates, a former employee remarked that the watch factory was the ideal place of employment because you couldn't manufacture precision instruments in a grimy, unlit place. The factory featured its own observatory so the company could measure the accuracy of its watches with its own data. Besides watches, the exhibit features the original factory signage that stood above its front entrance for decades, great block letters spelling out "Illinois Watch Co" in a beautiful font.

For museum afficianados, the presentation of the exhibit is first class. The curators of the exhibit are Ed Russo and Corrine Frisch.

Although there is limited floor area in the museum, the space is open and nicely lit. The new, finely crafted wooden display cases almost overwhelm their contents, but make the most elegant presentation imaginable. At every side is found some array of treasures to behold or some smartly-printed text or photo. The place was filled with people this evening and yet it was suprisingly easy to navigate.

Three cheers to the Gays and their wonderful gift of a museum to our town!

Consul Edward Lewis Baker

2006-02-04T12:14:00.000-08:00

Edward Lewis Baker (not to be confused with Edward Dickenson Baker) played a very important and intimate role in the political life of Abraham Lincoln. As editor and proprietor of The Illinois State Journal, Baker served as Lincoln's mouthpiece during the presidential campaign of 1860 and particularly during the period between Lincoln's election in November, 1860 and his inauguration in March, 1861.

Edward L. Baker's relationship with Abraham Lincoln extended beyond politics. Baker was married to Julia Cook Edwards, the daughter of Ninian Wirt Edwards and Elizabeth Todd. Elizabeth Todd was the sister of Mary Todd Lincoln, so Julia was Mrs. Lincoln's niece. The Edward L. Baker family accompanied the Abraham Lincoln family on their trip to Washington D.C. and attended both inaugurals.

Apparently relying on his father-in-law, Ninian W. Edwards, for the necessary funds, E.L. Baker bought The Illinois State Journal in partnership with William Bailhache, and assumed the position of editor in 1855. Edwards, in turn, later found it necessary to borrow money from Lincoln to meet his expenses as he describes them in a letter to the president. Historian Paul Angle, in his book Here I Have Lived, places Lincoln in the office of the Journal editor when receiving the news of his nomination to the Republican presidential ticket in 1860.

Letters in the Library of Congress' Lincoln Papers reveal an intriguing story directly involving Edward Lewis Baker. In 1863, several of Lincoln's influential friends in Springfield were organized by Jesse Dubois to complain to the president about what they viewed as corruption and treachery in the Quartermasters and Commissary departments. Through a letter-writing campaign to the president, Dubois, Hatch, William Yates, Rev. Francis Springer and others accused Ninian W. Edwards (Lincoln's brother-in-law) and William Bailhache (Baker's business partner) of awarding contracts to the enemies of the administration, particularly associates of former Governor Matteson, a Democrat. Edwards, it was pointed out in the letters, voted for Stephen Douglas in the 1860 election and his brother Benjamin Edwards led a bitter revolt within the Republican ranks a few years earlier, finally going over to the Democrats, that led to the estrangement of many long time friends in Springfield.

A letter written by Jacob Bunn to President Lincoln accused Edward L. Baker of profiting from kickbacks for the controversial contracts. It is doubtful that Baker was ever made aware of the accusation. Bunn was Baker's banker in Springfield and used his knowledge of the bank accounts of the accused as evidence, saying they were depositing far more money than their salaries provided.

The Lincoln Papers also include letters written in defense of the accused by Edwards, Bailhache, Baker and Orville Browning.

Refereeing this conflict between his family and his friends took up precious hours of Lincoln's time leading up to and extending beyond the Battle of Gettysburg, and all of the letter-writers are duly apologetic for the imposition. Not wishing to upset his friends or besmirch the honor of his extended family members and their associates, Edwards and Bailhache were replaced and transferred to other duties, which brought a rather angry response from Baker, who continued to lobby on behalf of his friend and business partner.

In 1869 Baker was appointed United States Assessor in Internal Revenue, and in 1873 he was offered the position of U.S. Consul at Buenos Aires, Argentina Republic. He left Springfield for his duties in South America, March 17, 1874. He died in Buenos Aires on July 8, 1897 as a result of an accident. His Argentine friends erected a beautiful monument to him over his grave in the Edwards' family plot at Oak Ridge Cemetary. The bas-relief image of him above is a detail of that monument.

Here are some passages from Paul M. Angle's "Here I Have Lived: A History of Lincoln's Springfield" that mention Baker:

In at least one instance newspaper intemperance resulted in physical violence. Early in September [1858] E.L. Baker, the editor of the Journal, charged John A. McClernand with the authorship of a Register article which he had found offensive. Shortly afterward McClernand met Baker on the street, denied that he had written the article in question, and demanded that he publish a correction of his statement. Baker answered that he had nothing to retract, whereupon McClernand belabored him with his cane until bystanders stopped the fracas.

* * *

But though Lincoln himself was inflexible in his refusal to announce a definite policy, there were other indications of his attitude which observers lost no time in utilizing. One such was the editorial column of the Illinois State Journal, whose editor, E.L. Baker, was a cousin by marriage of Mrs. Lincoln and Lincoln's own friend and supporter. Disclaiming any intention of speaking for the President-elect, Baker left no doubt of his own attitude. Neither South Carolina nor any other state could dissove the Union by passing resolutions to that effect. "Disunion, by armed force, is TREASON," he wrote in an editorial so forceful that it was reprinted all over the country, "and treason must and will be put down at all hazards. This Union is not, will not, and cannot be dissolved until this Government is overthrown by traitors who have raised the disunion flag. Can they overthrow it? We think not. 'They may disturb its peace -- they may disrupt the course of its prosperity -- they may cloud its reputation for stability -- but its tranquility will be restored, its prosperity will return, and the stain upon its national character will be transfered and remain an eternal blot on the memory of those who caused the disorder.' Let the secessionists understand it -- let the press proclaim it -- let it fly on the wings of lightening, and fall like a thunderbolt on those now plotting treason in convention, that the Republican party, that the great North, aided by hundreds of thousands of patriotic men in the slave States, have determined to preserve the Union -- peacably if they can, forcibly if they must!"

* * *

"Within a few months of Lincoln's inauguration Dubios was angered by the administration's coolness towards men he had recommended for office. Herndon compained of Lincoln's slowness in attacking slavery -- "Does he suppose he can crush -- squelch out this huge rebellion by pop guns filled with rose water?" Conkling thought the President weak and half-hearted. Baker of the Journal inveighed against the "dilly-dallying of the Government with the Southern traitors."

Vachel Lindsay

2006-01-30T16:06:00.000-08:00

A new blog dedicated to the wider world of Vachel Lindsay has been launched today.

There are certainly many places on the Internet where one can learn all about this major American poet, but the Vachel Lindsay blog will be a unique place where students and fans of the poet can become a community. Community is what Vachel is all about.

Springfield is central in Lindsay's life and work, but Lindsay's "Springfield" can be anybody's town if they desire to make it the most democratic, the most beautiful and the most holy place on earth.

A Literary Life

2006-01-06T16:19:00.000-08:00

Springfield native Barbara Burkhardt has contributed to our city's extraordinary literary heritage with the official and definitive biography of Illinois novelist, William Maxwell. William Maxwell, A Literary Life was published by University of Illinois Press in 2005.

Maxwell spent his early childhood in Lincoln, Illinois and much of his writing depicts that setting around the time of World War I. Maxwell was a longtime fiction editor for The New Yorker and an editor and mentor of John Updike.

Burkhardt established unique access to her subject in 1991, interviewing the novelist at his apartment in New York City for a literary magazine. Her interviews with the Maxwell continued throughout the ‘90s until his death in 2000. She describes a man so committed to the written word that rather than responding verbally to her questions, he typed all of his responses on a typewriter while she sat in his presence and waited. Maxwell’s melancholic observation that human experience ends in oblivion unless it is captured in writing seems to have driven his career.

Burkhardt received her Ph.D. from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where she organized the letters of William Maxwell for the Maxwell archives. She is an assistant professor of English at the University of Illinois at Springfield.

George Bailey or George Babbitt?

2005-12-23T12:23:00.000-08:00

I grew up thinking of this man, my great-grandfather Latham T. Souther, in terms of George Bailey from Frank Capra's It's a Wonderful Life. It's clear that my hero, Vachel Lindsay, would have thought him more in the mold of Old Man Potter.

Now, an intriguing theory has popped up in my mind. Could it be that Sinclair Lewis' character, George Babbitt, was inspired by Souther? It's not beyond the realm of possibility.

Souther was family friend of Lindsay's parents and sisters and of Vachel Lindsay himself, but Lindsay described Souther to such literary friends as Harriet Monroe and Edgar Lee Masters in very much the same terms as Lewis described Babbitt.

In Babbitt, Lewis describes his title character looking for something to read. Here's the passage:

He ambled up to Verona’s room, sat on her maidenly blue and white bed, humming and grunting in a solid-citizen manner as he examined her books: Conrad’s “Rescue,” a volume strangely named “Figures of Earth,” poetry (quite irregular poetry, Babbitt thought) by Vachel Lindsay, and essays by H. L. Mencken—highly improper essays, making fun of the church and all the decencies. He liked none of the books. In them he felt a spirit of rebellion against niceness and solid-citizenship. These authors—and he supposed they were famous ones, too—did not seem to care about telling a good story which would enable a fellow to forget his troubles.

It was just such a wild theory that made me think the evil trust officer described in Masters' biography of Lindsay was in fact my great-grandfather, which I later found out was right on the mark.

2018: The Millennial Year

2005-12-21T15:32:00.000-08:00

March 1, 2018, Oak Ridge Cemetary...

There is a deep darkness, and time passing by without end, and shade. There is the fear of the moles that will not leave me alone, who make nests of alien dust, beneath my ribs. And my bones crumble through the century, like last years autumn leaves. Then there is, alternating with drouth, bitter frost. And roots wrap my heart and brain. And there is sleep.

Then a galloping and gay shrieking, away on the road, to the east of Oak Ridge! And though I am six feet beneath the ground the eyes of the soul are given me. I see the wonderful young horsewoman out on that Great Northwest Road and the ancient clay between me and that cavalcade turns to air and to light. And I am asking myself as the Girl Leader goes by like a meteor: "Am I coming up again through the earth as weed or flame or man? If I rise from this grave, I am coming but to praise her, if I may."

Vachel Lindsay describes his return to Springfield one hundred years in the future in his utopian novel, The Golden Book of Springfield.

It's not too early to prepare for the Millennial Year, when Lindsay and the winged book are due to appear!

The Elijah Iles House

2005-12-10T08:50:00.000-08:00

The Elijah Iles House is Springfield's oldest surviving structure. It was built some time around 1830, when Springfield was still just a cluster of log cabins.

It was situated at the southeast corner of Sixth and Cook Streets until 1910, when it was to be demolished to make room for the First Christian Church. My great-grandparents, Latham and Lyna Souther, saved the house from destruction by purchasing it and moving it to 1825 S. Fifth Street, where they made it their home for the next forty years.

Fast forward to the present. The house has been saved once again by a new generation of historic preservationists, The Elijah Iles House Foundation. The house has been moved back to a spot only one block away from its original location where it is now a new museum dedicated to Springfield history.

The house is pictured here circa 1917, a couple of years before Vachel Lindsay was remembered to have visited Lyna Souther here.

For more information about the Iles House, be sure to visit Will Howarth's blogspot.

Here are more images of the Iles House and the Southers.

Woodstock and Walled Towns

2005-12-09T13:33:00.000-08:00

"Nantucket" by Frank Swift Chase

While researching Vachel Lindsay's relationship with my great-grandmother, Lyna Chase Souther, and his interest in sharing his utopian vision of Springfield with her and her friends, I received a query from another Souther descendant about Lyna's kid brother, Frank Swift Chase.

She asked me what I knew about Frank Swift Chase's involvement in the Woodstock artists colony. Not much, I replied. She filled me in.

Frank Swift Chase was a leading figure in the Woodstock Artists Association, one of a handful of its founders in 1920. He was among the conservative faction in an organization that included both modernist and traditionalist painters. His paintings fetch a good price and examples of them can be found at many websites. He later founded an artists' colony of his own in Nantucket.

This raises the question for my Lindsay research, would he and Lyna have discussed Woodstock when he was talking about transforming Springfield? Was there a knowledge between them of the tradition of John Ruskin in the Woodstock colony, and its predecessor, Byrdcliffe art colony?

I've posted an art gallery of Frank Swift Chase images here.

The Municipal Flag of Springfield

2005-12-08T16:24:00.000-08:00

In 1916, Vachel Lindsay met with members of the Springfield Art Association and together they organized a contest for the design of the official municipal flag for Springfield. The SAA flag committee included former Illinois governor Richard Yates, reknowned Springfield architect George Helmle as well as my great-grandmother, Lyna Chase Souther.

Lindsay put up $100.00 as prize money for the winning design, shown here.

The flag's design became an integral component of New Springfield's geography in Lindsay's The Golden Book of Springfield, as this exerpt attests:

"...the path of white around the red star of Springfield is the map of our five-pointed system of double walls and within them a star-plan system of avenues."

Lindsay describes the vast scale of the outer walls with gates at each of the five star-points located at Mason City, Warrenburg, Pana, Palmyra and Virginia, Illinois. The walls, according to Lindsay's narrative, were

"...built so long ago by Ralph Adams Cram!"

The flag still flies proudly over Springfield. Lindsay said of the flag,

"Those that can unite under the flag of Springfield with joy can someday unite the world over, under the flag of mankind."

Vachel Lindsay and Walled Towns

2005-12-04T16:55:00.000-08:00

On December 1, 2005, I presented a paper at the annual historical symposium of the Illinois State Historical Society about a book (right) I found full of critical annotations penned by Vachel Lindsay ca 1920.

This one subject combines my family history with the life and work of Vachel Lindsay and the history of Springfield. It ties together The Vachel Lindsay Home State Historic Site and the Elijah Iles House in ways historians hadn't previously considered.

Below is my introduction to the transcription I made of Lindsay's annotations. I'll post the transcription itself elsewhere.

Sometime between February, 1920 and October, 1921, the poet Vachel Lindsay annotated a copy of Walled Towns by Ralph Adams Cram and inscribed it to Lyna Chase Souther, a socialite of Lindsay's hometown, Springfield, Illinois.
Cram was an important Gothic revival architect and a disciple of John Ruskin, the pre-eminent Victorian art critic who was also an important influence on Lindsay. Walled Towns, first published in 1919, proposes intentional communities surrounded by metaphorical walls keeping in local talent and keeping out the modernism and commercialism of the industrial age. Cram’s protest to the contrary notwithstanding, Walled Towns falls into the utopian genre.
Lindsay found much to agree with in Walled Towns, which appeared just at the time he was hammering out his own utopian novel, The Golden Book of Springfield. Areas of disagreement with Cram, however, provoked lively responses by the poet penned in the margins of the book in his lovely Spencerian hand. Lindsay's commentary provides insights into his thinking during this time and sheds light on some of the more obscure aspects of his Golden Book. Although Lindsay never mentioned The Golden Book in his Walled Towns annotations, the connection is obvious.
Lindsay intended his Golden Book to transform Springfield.
"You haven’t the least notion of the heart’s blood I am putting into The Golden Book," he wrote to Harriet Monroe, "I would certainly die for the book, if it would do the work I want it to do."
"This book seems to me to be the one thing that justifies my life," he wrote later.
Considering the many important changes that were occurring in Springfield and America while Lindsay was writing The Golden Book, anything must have seemed possible to him at the time. Springfield’s elite had recently commissioned a survey by the Russell Sage Foundation that prompted many social reforms and structural improvements for the city. With the "war to end all wars" just concluded, America embraced Prohibition and women’s suffrage. The country was poised to enter the Jazz Age with its Lost Generation while Lindsay desperately worked to steer things in the opposite direction. It is one of those tragic ironies that the Prohibition amendment which Lindsay himself had helped bring about - and hoped would redirect American culture - ultimately fostered the lawlessness and dissolution that characterized the Roaring Twenties.
Lindsay drew upon many sources for The Golden Book, not the least of which was his already prodigious body of poetry and the rich metaphorical language he developed in that work. John Ruskin, Edward Bellamy and Ralph Adams Cram were already important influences in his thinking and writing. Lindsay's great ambition in The Golden Book was to orchestrate these disparate elements into a cohesive whole. However, without the benefit of a thorough understanding of his literary parentage and his own particular metaphorical language, The Golden Book of Springfield can come across as hopeless nonsense. Lindsay’s writing often demands a fair degree of effort and indulgence from its readers, but The Golden Book of Springfield can strain even the patience of his most ardent devotees.
Lindsay's gift of his hand-annotated copy of Walled Towns to Lyna Souther - with the request that she share the book among her friends in the Springfield Art Association - apparently was intended to enlighten and influence the prominent people and community leaders of Springfield. The "debate," as Lindsay dubbed it, between Cram and himself might help him lay the groundwork for acceptance of his Golden Book in the Springfield community and attest to his earnestness in transforming the town.
Lyna Chase Souther, a talented landscape painter herself, and the sister of Woodstock founder, Frank Swift Chase, was an obvious ally to enlist in this cause. Lindsay had recently collaborated with Souther and the Art Association in the creation of Springfield’s municipal flag. The flag became a prominent component of The Golden Book and fit well with Lindsay's and Cram's shared penchant for civic heraldry and pageantry.
If Lindsay saw Lyna Souther as part of the solution in Springfield, he must have seen her husband, Latham Souther, as part of the problem. It is apparent from his letters that he saw Latham, a banker who happened to be the trust officer of his father’s estate, as the very embodiment of the main street businessman he had waged war against and felt oppressed by throughout his career. Souther was described in one of the congratulatory volumes of local biography and history as one of Springfield's "representative men." As such, he appears to have represented the side of Springfield that resisted Lindsay's ideas the most. It is not very likely that Latham would have reacted any differently to The Golden Book than would have George Babbitt himself.
Although utopias such as Edward Bellamy's Looking Backward 2000 - 1887 had been a very popular literary form in the past – the science fiction of their day - and had inspired much discussion, the critics and the public at large failed even to acknowledge The Golden Book of Springfield when it appeared in 1920. As a vehicle for rallying Springfield and America to his vision, it was a tragic failure for Lindsay.
The copy of Walled Towns inscribed to Lyna Souther, the annotations of which are transcribed here, now resides in the Sangamon Valley Collection in Springfield, a gift of her daughter, Betty McMinn.
Included with the book in the collection are two loose letters, one from Lyna's friend, Charles Ridgely, returning the book to her in 1923 along with a 1921 letter from Ralph Adams Cram to Ridgely saying he would like to see Lindsay's annotations.
Cram never saw this annotated copy, but mentioned in his letter that he had heard from his friend Stephen Graham that Lindsay had distributed twenty or thirty copies of the book. Cram referred to Lyna's copy of Walled Towns as "the annotated copy" in his letter, but Lindsay apparently handed out many such annotated copies to friends and neighbors over the years. Lindsay later referred to these as "illuminated" copies.
Read the transcripition here.

Welcome to New Springfield

2005-12-04T15:40:00.000-08:00

My name is Larry Stevens. I'm more than a life-long resident of Springfield, Illinois. My families were among the first Euroamerican settlers here in Sangamon county and have lived here ever since 1818.

My ancestors and relatives were the friends and neighbors of Abraham Lincoln. As you may be able to tell, I'm a bit chauvenistic about it.

The name of this blog, "New Springfield", is taken from Vachel Lindsay's utopian novel, The Golden Book of Springfield, which depicts our town one hundred years in the future, 2018.